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Aspect	MQTT	Sparkplug
Data Format	Flexible but undefined. Devices may send data in JSON, plain text, or binary, requiring custom parsing logicFlexible but undefined. Devices may send data in JSON, plain text, or binary, requiring custom parsing logic	Enforces a standardized Protobuf-based payload structure for consistent data formatting
Topic Structure	Flexible but unstructured. Topic naming conventions vary across devices, often requiring manual configuration	Uses a strict topic structure that organizes data consistently across devices
State Awareness	No built-in state management. Systems must rely on custom logic to track device connectivity	Introduces birth and death certificates to ensure systems always know which devices are online or offline
Device Integration	Adding new devices may require manual updates to data parsing logic or custom topic rules	Standardized structure enables plug-and-play scalability for new devices
Data Integrity	No built-in mechanisms to prevent stale data from being mistaken for live updates	Ensures stale data is removed when devices disconnect, reducing the risk of inaccurate insights
Bandwidth Efficiency	Supports efficient communication, but payload size can vary depending on data format	Uses Protobuf for compact, efficient payloads that minimize bandwidth usage
Discover Data Sources	No built-in mechanisms for discovering data sources and requires manual configuration	Built-in mechanism for finding new data sources within the network

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